Types and Causes

Conjunctivitis may result from various causes:

• Viral Conjunctivitis: Often highly contagious; frequently linked to adenovirus.
• Bacterial Conjunctivitis: Produces thicker, sticky discharge; needs antibiotic therapy.
• Allergic Conjunctivitis: Triggered by pollen, dust, pets, or other allergens; usually affects both eyes.
• Irritant Conjunctivitis: Caused by chemicals, smoke, pollution, or foreign particles.

Correct diagnosis of the cause is essential to guide appropriate treatment.

Symptoms to Watch For

Typical signs of conjunctivitis include:

• Redness of one or both eyes
• Itching, burning, or gritty sensation
• Watery or sticky discharge (especially overnight)
• Swollen eyelids
• Sensitivity to light

If symptoms worsen rapidly, vision becomes seriously blurred, or you experience pain, seek medical attention promptly.

Prevalence in Pakistan

Conjunctivitis is a frequent eye condition in Pakistan, and recent years have seen major outbreaks, particularly of viral (adenoviral) conjunctivitis:

• In September 2023, Punjab recorded 86,133 cases of pink eye, marking one of the largest documented outbreaks in Pakistan’s recent history.
• Between January and September 2023, over 288,000 cases of adenoviral conjunctivitis were reported nationwide.
• Adenovirus is implicated in 65–90% of viral conjunctivitis cases, making it the dominant infecting agent during epidemics.
• In Karachi, studies have found that around 75% of pink eye cases were linked to adenovirus, while about 18% involved bacterial causes.
• Regarding allergic forms, 19.2% of schoolchildren in Karachi (ages 5–19) were found to suffer from allergic conjunctivitis in one survey.

These figures highlight how common and recurrent conjunctivitis is in Pakistan, especially during seasonal changes, in crowded urban areas, and in settings with limited hygiene and air quality control.

Diagnosis & Treatment in Karachi

A comprehensive eye exam by an ophthalmologist or optometrist can confirm conjunctivitis and its underlying cause. In Karachi, the following treatments are available:

• Viral: Supportive care such as lubricating drops, cold compresses, and hygiene.
• Bacterial: Antibiotic eye drops or ointments as prescribed.
• Allergic: Antihistamine or anti-allergy eye drops, along with identifying and removing triggers.
• Irritant: Flushing the eyes and avoiding the irritant source.

Also important are hygiene practices—frequent hand washing, not sharing towels or pillows, and avoiding eye rubbing—to limit spread.

If you are unsure whether your symptoms require emergency attention, it is safer to call your healthcare provider or eye clinic for advice.

With Pakistan’s internationally trained and most experienced cataract surgeons, corneal transplant surgeons and eye surgeons specializing in every single sub specialty in ophthalmology, The Eye Center – Dr. Mahnaz Naveed Shah & Associates in Karachi provides guidance for both routine and urgent eye care needs. Their team can advise whether you should schedule a screening or seek immediate attention, ensuring safety and comfort. For expert consultation, contact The Eye Center – Dr. Mahnaz Naveed Shah & Associates at 03041119544 to book an appointment.

With a proven track record of excellence in glaucoma and cataract care, Dr. Mahnaz Shah and her team are here to help you protect your vision—with confidence.

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